Medical Notes and Articles

ANEMIA                                         More Than Just Feeling Tired                                                    D espite having major implications, anemia is a condition that affects our red blood cells. It commonly remains undiagnosed in the intricate system of human health. This silent enemy, which affects millions of individuals worldwide, takes their vigor and energy invisibly. In this article, we'll break down anemia in simple words, exploring its types, causes, symptoms, and how it can be treated. Understanding Anemia.  According to Dr. Lori Dupree, Anemia is defined as a below-normal plasma hemoglobin concentration resulting from a decreased number of circulation red blood cells or an abnormally low total hemoglobin content per unit of blood volume.  Simply, a lower-than-normal number of red blood cells, or a hemoglobin deficiency; the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and organs is known as Ane

 PCOS: Fertility and Pregnancy Being a mother is frequently praised as a beautiful and transformational experience. However, for women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS); a complex hormonal disorder, this path can be laden with challenges. Millions of women around the world are afflicted by this condition, which interferes with their hormonal balance and, as a result, hinders their ability to conceive. The most common reason is not producing a fully developed egg during the monthly cycle (anovulation) Women with PCOS often face difficulties when trying to conceive, but the good news is that there are various natural and medical approaches to enhance the chances of PCOS pregnancy.  In this article, we will explore PCOS, its impact on fertility, and both natural and medical strategies to improve your chances of becoming a mother while also considering the importance of lifestyle changes. Understanding PCOS and Its Effect on Fertility  PCOS is a common condition that affects your hormo

 POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME Polycystic ovaries are characterized by a large number of follicles that are up to 8mm. (approximately 0.3 inch) in size. The follicles are under-developed sacs in which eggs develop. In PCOS, these sacs are often unable to release an egg, which means that ovulation does not occur, resulting in no or irregular periods.  Fig 1. Mechanism of PCOS It is a common condition that affects your hormones. The ovaries produce an abnormal amount of the hormone androgen, which is a male hormone and is only present in women in small amounts hence making the symptoms mentioned below, However, it is essential to note that many women are asymptomatic, that is they do not have any of the common symptoms. SYMPTOMS : The common symptoms include: 1. Excess body hair growth. 2. Weight changes and trouble losing weight 3. Ovarian cysts 4. Mood changes                                                              5. Acne 6. Fatigue 7. Irregular or missed periods. CAUSES: * Genetic P

GRAM STAINING: Mechanism , Limitations and Modified techniques Gram stain or Gram staining, also called Gram’s method, is a method of staining used to classify bacterial species into two large groups: gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. The name comes from the Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram, who developed the technique. Gram staining differentiates bacteria by the chemical and physical properties of their cell walls. Gram-positive cells have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall that retains the primary stain, crystal violet. Gram-negative cells have a thinner peptidoglycan layer that allows the crystal violet to wash out with the addition of ethanol. They are stained pink or red by the counterstain, commonly safranin or fuchsine. Lugol’s iodine solution is always added after the addition of crystal violet to strengthen the bonds of the stain with the cell membrane. Gram staining is almost always the first step in the preliminary identification o

    “ ACQUIRED IMMUNITY DOES NOT CAUSE THE TISSUE INJURY AS INNATE IMMUNITY ”   ·         Acquired Immunity: Acquired Immunity is the immunity that is developed by the host after exposure to some sort of microorganism or suitable antigen. It can also be developed by the transfer of antibodies from an immune donor. Acquired Immunity develops throughout life. [1] ·         Innate Immunity: Innate Immunity is the defense system that a person is born with. It is the first line of defense and provides a critical mechanism for the rapid sensing and elimination of pathogens. Furthermore, it also involves barriers that prevent foreign substances from entering our bodies. ·         Tissue Injury : Tissue Injury refers to the injury of the soft tissue resulting from trauma or overuse of muscles, ligaments, or tendons. It can also be caused by medical treatments such as radiation. Acquired Immunity Does Not Cause Tissue Injury As Innate Immunity Immune Response after Tissue In

    Classification Of Solvents On The Basis Of Polarity   ·         Solvent: A substance in which solute is dissolved and forms solution is a solvent. Generally solvent is a liquid but it can also be a solid, a gas, or a supercritical fluid ·         Polarity: Solvents are generally classified by the polarity, and considered either polar or non-polar, as indicated by the dielectric constant Polar solvents possess significant partial charges or dipole moments. The electro negativities of the bonds between the atoms vary greatly but are measurable. Ions and other polar substances can be dissolved by a polar solvent Non-polar solvents are liquids or solvents without a dipole moment. The solvents lack any partial positive or negative charges. Their electronegativity barely differs from one another. Since there are no opposite charges and the polar component is not attracted, non-polar solvents cannot dissolve polar com ·         Protic or Aprotic: Protic solvents con